{"id":932,"date":"2025-02-28T10:04:58","date_gmt":"2025-02-28T10:04:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bayraklaw.com\/?post_type=portfolio&p=932"},"modified":"2025-03-03T10:55:23","modified_gmt":"2025-03-03T10:55:23","slug":"karayoluyla-uluslararasi-esya-tasimalarindan-cmr-dogan-hukuki-sorumluluk","status":"publish","type":"portfolio","link":"https:\/\/www.bayraklaw.com\/en\/bultenler\/karayoluyla-uluslararasi-esya-tasimalarindan-cmr-dogan-hukuki-sorumluluk\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu ve CMR Kapsam\u0131nda Karayoluyla E\u015fya Ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131ndan Do\u011fan Hukuki Sorumluluk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Giri\u015f<\/span><\/h2>\n

Karayoluyla e\u015fya ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131, 6102 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu’nun (TTK) 856. ile 893. maddeleri aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6z konusu maddeler aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olan ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin konusu e\u015fya ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131d\u0131r. 850. ile 855. maddeler aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen genel h\u00fck\u00fcmler yerine g\u00f6re e\u015fya ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131nda da uygulama alan\u0131 bulur. E\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015finin organizasyonu i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirilen bir tacir yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 varsa, bu ki\u015filere, ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015fleri komisyoncusu ad\u0131 verilir. Ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015fleri komisyoncusu TTK’n\u0131n 917 ile 930 maddeleri aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Karayoluyla e\u015fya ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n yurti\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi durumunda TTK h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulama alan\u0131 bulacakt\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, uluslararas\u0131 karayoluyla e\u015fya ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda E\u015fyalar\u0131n Karayolundan Uluslararas\u0131 Nakliyat\u0131 i\u00e7in Mukavele S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi (CMR) uygulanacakt\u0131r. Yurti\u00e7i ta\u015f\u0131malarda taraflar, s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine koyacaklar\u0131 kay\u0131tla \u00f6zel olarak CMR h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131rabilirler.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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CMR T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 31 Ekim 1995 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi. CMR\u2019nin 1(1) maddesi uyar\u0131nca, taraflar\u0131n tabiiyeti ve ikamet yerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak, \u00fclkelerden birinin akit \u00fclke olmas\u0131 kayd\u0131yla ve y\u00fckleme yeri ile teslim i\u00e7in belirlenen yerin iki ayr\u0131 \u00fclkede olmas\u0131 halinde, y\u00fcklerin ta\u015f\u0131t ile karadan ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na ait her s\u00f6zle\u015fme CMR\u2019ye tabidir. Bu kapsamda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ba\u015flayan, sona eren veya T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den ge\u00e7en karayolu ile uluslararas\u0131 e\u015fya ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131na CMR uygulan\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, karayolu ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen uluslararas\u0131 e\u015fya ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131nda, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ve taraflar\u0131n haklar\u0131, CMR h\u00fck\u00fcmleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde belirlenir.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi \u015fekle ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Taraflar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ve birbirine uygun iradeleri ile ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kurulur. Kanun koyucu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda bir karineye yer vererek e\u015fyan\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya teslimi ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na karinedir<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu’na G\u00f6re Sorumluluk ve Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler<\/span><\/h2>\n

1. G\u00f6nderenin Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ve Sorumlulu\u011fu<\/span><\/h2>\n

1.1 Aksi \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015fse Y\u00fckleme ve Bo\u015faltma Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, ticari team\u00fcl veya durumun gere\u011fi aksi belirtilmedik\u00e7e, g\u00f6nderen, e\u015fyay\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131ma g\u00fcvenli\u011fine uygun \u015fekilde araca y\u00fcklemek, istiflemek, ba\u011flamak ve sabitlemekle, ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde bo\u015faltmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 ise y\u00fcklemenin i\u015fletme g\u00fcvenli\u011fine uygun olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakla sorumludur.<\/span><\/p>\n

1.2 Makul S\u00fcreden Fazla Zaman Alan veya S\u00f6zle\u015fmede Makul S\u00fcre i\u00e7in \u00dccret \u00d6denece\u011fi \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen Y\u00fckleme ve Bo\u015faltma \u0130\u015flemleri \u0130\u00e7in Bekleme \u00dccreti \u00d6deme Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/span><\/h3>\n

Y\u00fckleme ve bo\u015faltma i\u015flemleriyle ilgili olarak durumun gereklerine g\u00f6re belirlenecek makul bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in, aksi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a ek \u00fccret talep edilemez. Ancak, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme gere\u011fi veya kendi sorumlulu\u011funda olmayan sebeplerle bu s\u00fcreden daha fazla beklerse, bekleme \u00fccreti<\/strong> talep etme hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Bu durumda, g\u00f6nderen bu durumda ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya bekleme \u00fccretini \u00f6demekle kanunen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr (TTK m 863(2)).<\/span><\/p>\n

1.3 Kusursuz Sorumluluk Halleri<\/span><\/h3>\n

S\u00f6zle\u015fmeden, durumun gere\u011finden veya ticari team\u00fclden aksi anla\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a; g\u00f6nderen, e\u015fyay\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131ma g\u00fcvenli\u011fine uygun bi\u00e7imde araca koyarak, istifleyerek, ba\u011flayarak, sabitleyerek y\u00fcklemek ve ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde bo\u015faltmak zorundad\u0131r<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00f6nderen, ticari ama\u00e7la e\u015fya ta\u015f\u0131t\u0131yorsa kusuru olmasa da yetersiz ambalajlama ve i\u015faretleme<\/strong>, ta\u015f\u0131ma senedindeki yanl\u0131\u015f bilgiler<\/strong>, tehlikeli mal hakk\u0131nda bildirim yapmama<\/strong> and gerekli belge ve bilgilerin eksikli\u011fi veya yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> nedeniyle ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zararlar\u0131 ve giderleri kar\u015f\u0131lamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr (TTK m 864(1)). \u00a0Ancak, g\u00f6nderenin belirtilen \u00f6zel hallerden do\u011fan kusursuz sorumlulu\u011fu belli bir tutar ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu tutar g\u00f6nderinin br\u00fct a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n her kilosu i\u00e7in 8.33 \u00f6zel \u00e7ekme hakk\u0131d\u0131r.\u00d6zel \u00c7ekme Hakk\u0131, e\u015fyan\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131ma amac\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya teslim edildi\u011fi tarihteki veya taraflarca kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan di\u011fer bir tarihteki, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankas\u0131nca belirlenen de\u011ferine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131na \u00e7evrilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 28.02.2025 tarihinde Merkez Bankas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6zel \u00e7ekme hakk\u0131 47.8058 TL olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zarar\u0131n veya giderlerin do\u011fmas\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n da etkisi olmu\u015fsa, tazmin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile \u00f6denecek tazminat\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde, bu davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkili olduklar\u0131 da dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ve Sorumlulu\u011fu<\/span><\/h2>\n

Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, e\u015fyay\u0131, kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan s\u00fcrede, bir s\u00fcre kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015fsa \u015fartlar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6zenli bir ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya tan\u0131nabilecek makul bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde, teslim etmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr (TTK m 873(1)).<\/span><\/p>\n

TTK h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu iki sebebe dayanabilir:<\/span><\/p>\n

i)<\/i>Ta\u015f\u0131nan e\u015fyan\u0131n z\u0131ya ve hasara u\u011framas\u0131,<\/span><\/p>\n

ii)<\/i> Ta\u015f\u0131nan e\u015fyan\u0131n tesliminde gecikme.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ziya e\u015fyan\u0131n yitmi\u015f, yok olmu\u015f olmas\u0131 halini ifade eder. Hasar ise e\u015fyan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumakla beraber zarara u\u011framas\u0131d\u0131r. Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fyan\u0131n z\u0131ya ve hasar\u0131ndan do\u011fan sorumlulu\u011fu kusura dayanan bir sorumluluktur. \u00a0Ta\u015f\u0131nma e\u015fyas\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funun ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in kural olarak ta\u015f\u0131nma e\u015fyas\u0131n\u0131n fiili h\u00e2kimiyetine b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 yeterlidir [1].Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda kendi yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n sebep olduklar\u0131 zarardan da sorumlu tutulmu\u015ftur. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, ta\u015f\u0131ma e\u015fyas\u0131ndaki ar\u0131zaya veya ta\u015f\u0131t kiral\u0131ksa kiralad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015finin kusuruna dayanarak sorumluluktan kurtulamaz.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, z\u0131ya veya hasardan sorumlu oldu\u011fu h\u00e2llerde, \u00f6demesi gereken tazminat\u0131 \u00f6demenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00fccretini geri verir ve ta\u015f\u0131ma ile ilgili vergileri, resimleri ve ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015fi nedeniyle do\u011fan di\u011fer giderleri de kar\u015f\u0131lar (TTK m 883). Ancak, hasar h\u00e2linde, birinci c\u00fcmle uyar\u0131nca yap\u0131lacak \u00f6demeler e\u015fyan\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmak \u00fczere teslim al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer ve zamandaki hasars\u0131z de\u011feri ile hasarl\u0131 de\u011feri aras\u0131ndaki farka g\u00f6re saptanacak bedel ile orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak belirlenir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Z\u0131ya Karinesi<\/span><\/h3>\n

E\u015fya, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00fcresinin izleyen yurti\u00e7i ta\u015f\u0131malarda yirmi g\u00fcn, s\u0131n\u0131r \u00f6tesi ta\u015f\u0131malarda otuz i\u00e7inde i\u00e7inde teslim edilmezse, hak sahibi bu e\u015fyay\u0131 zayi olmu\u015f kabul edebilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hak sahibi, e\u015fyan\u0131n ziya\u0131 nedeniyle tazminat alm\u0131\u015fsa, \u00f6denen tazminat sonras\u0131nda e\u015fyan\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde kendisine derh\u00e2l haber verilmesini talep edebilir.<\/span> E\u015fya bulundu\u011fu haberini ald\u0131ktan sonra hak sahibi, otuz g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde, gereken giderler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fclerek tazminat\u0131 geri \u00f6deyip, e\u015fyan\u0131n kendisine teslim edilmesini isteyebilir. Ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00fccretini \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve tazminat hakk\u0131 sakl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span> E\u011fer e\u015fya, tazminat\u0131n \u00f6denmesinden sonra bulunmu\u015fsa ve hak sahibi bu durumdan haberdar edilmek istemezse veya e\u015fyan\u0131n teslimini talep etmezse, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, e\u015fya \u00fczerinde serbest\u00e7e tasarrufta bulunabilir.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2.1 Sorumluluktan Kurtulma<\/span><\/h3>\n

a. Kurtulu\u015f Kan\u0131t\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

Z\u0131ya, hasar ve gecikme, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek \u00f6zen<\/em>i g\u00f6stermesine ra\u011fmen ka\u00e7\u0131namayaca\u011f\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyemeyece\u011fi sebeplerden meydana gelmi\u015fse, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 sorumluluktan kurtulur. TTK\u2019n\u0131n 876. maddesinin gerek\u00e7esinde, T\u00fcrk hukukuna yabanc\u0131 olan \u201cen y\u00fcksek \u00f6zen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d teriminin, mehaz Alm.TK\u2019da kullan\u0131lan \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilmesi\u201d ifadesinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir.<\/span><\/p>\n

b. \u00d6zel Haller<\/span><\/h4>\n

Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, z\u0131ya , hasar veya gecikmeyi a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki hallerden birine ba\u011flayabilirse sorumluluktan kurtulur. Buna g\u00f6re:<\/span><\/p>\n

a)<\/strong> \u00dcst\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k ara\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131 veya g\u00fcverteye y\u00fckleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 (Ancak z\u0131ya, hasar veya gecikme, g\u00f6nderenin e\u015fyan\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6zel talimatlar\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n uymamas\u0131ndan ileri gelmi\u015fse, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 bu bende dayanarak sorumluluktan kurtulamaz).<\/span><\/p>\n

b)<\/strong> G\u00f6nderenin yetersiz ambalajlamas\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

c)<\/strong> E\u015fyan\u0131n g\u00f6nderen veya al\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fleme tabi tutulmas\u0131, y\u00fcklenmesi veya bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

d)<\/strong> E\u015fyan\u0131n do\u011fal niteli\u011fi nedeniyle kolayca zarar g\u00f6rmesi (Ancak ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fme uyar\u0131nca e\u015fyay\u0131 s\u0131ca\u011fa, so\u011fu\u011fa, \u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklerine, neme, sars\u0131nt\u0131lara ya da benzer etkilere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zel olarak koruma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc alt\u0131nda ise, h\u00e2l ve \u015fartlara g\u00f6re, \u00f6zellikle de gerekli donan\u0131m\u0131n se\u00e7imi, bak\u0131m\u0131 ve kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin kendisine d\u00fc\u015fen t\u00fcm \u00f6nlemleri alm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6zel talimatlara uygun davranm\u0131\u015f bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde i\u015fbu bende dayanabilir).<\/span><\/p>\n

e)<\/strong> G\u00f6nderen taraf\u0131ndan yetersiz etiketleme.<\/span><\/p>\n

f)<\/strong> Canl\u0131 hayvan ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 (Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 bu bende ancak h\u00e2l ve \u015fartlara g\u00f6re kendisine d\u00fc\u015fen t\u00fcm \u00f6nlemleri alm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6zel talimatlara uygun davranm\u0131\u015f bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde dayanabilir).<\/span><\/p>\n

g)<\/strong> G\u00fcmr\u00fck Kanunu ve di\u011fer d\u00fczenlemelere dayal\u0131 durumlar.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/h3>\n

Sorumlulu\u011fun S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/span><\/h3>\n

a. Z\u0131ya ve Hasar Durumunda Sorumlulu\u011fun S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

TTK\u2019da e\u015fyan\u0131n tamamen veya k\u0131smen z\u0131ya\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan tazminat \u00f6demekle sorumlu tutuldu\u011funda, bu tazminat\u0131n e\u015fyan\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmak \u00fczere teslim edildi\u011fi veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan tarihteki T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankas\u0131’nca belirlenen de\u011fere g\u00f6re hesaplan\u0131r.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

E\u015fyan\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n z\u0131ya\u0131 veya hasar\u0131 halinde \u00f6denecek tazminat, e\u015fyan\u0131n br\u00fct a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n her bir kilogram\u0131 i\u00e7in 8.33 \u00d6zel \u00c7ekme Hakk\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan tutar ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Di\u011fer zararlara ili\u015fkin olarak ta\u015f\u0131yan, ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015finin yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda, s\u00f6zle\u015fmesel bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ihlal etmesi nedeniyle meydana gelen ve e\u015fyan\u0131n z\u0131ya\u0131ndan, hasar\u0131ndan veya ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00fcresinin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmayan ve e\u015fya veya ki\u015fi zarar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan zararlardan, tam z\u0131ya halinde \u00f6denmesi gereken tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmak \u00fczere sorumludur.<\/span><\/p>\n

b. Gecikmeden Dolay\u0131 Sorumlulu\u011fun S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

TTK’n\u0131n 882. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n, ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00fcresinin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan do\u011fan sorumlulu\u011fu, ta\u015f\u0131ma \u00fccretinin \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

c. Z\u0131ya, Hasar ve Gecikme D\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Bir Sebeple S\u00f6zle\u015fmeye Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131ktan Do\u011fan Sorumlulu\u011fun S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131<\/span><\/h4>\n

Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131ma i\u015finin yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ihlal etmesi nedeniyle meydana gelen ve e\u015fyan\u0131n z\u0131ya\u0131ndan, hasar\u0131ndan veya ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00fcresinin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmayan ve e\u015fya veya ki\u015fi zararlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan zararlardan, tam z\u0131ya h\u00e2linde \u00f6denmesi gereken tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmak \u00fczere sorumludur.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ta\u015f\u0131yana Bildirim Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/span><\/h3>\n

E\u015fyan\u0131n z\u0131ya\u0131 veya hasara u\u011fram\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyorsa, g\u00f6nderen veya g\u00f6nderilen en ge\u00e7 teslim an\u0131na kadar z\u0131ya\u0131 veya hasar\u0131 bildirmezse, e\u015fyan\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye uygun olarak teslim edildi\u011fi varsay\u0131l\u0131r. Bildirimde, zarar\u0131n gerekli a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kla belirtilmesi ve nitelendirilmesi gerekir. G\u00f6nderen veya g\u00f6nderilen taraf\u0131ndan bildirim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne uyulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde, e\u015fyan\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine uygun olarak teslim edildi\u011fi kabul edilir. Bildirim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, z\u0131ya ve hasar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fi haller i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli olup, bu halde bildirim s\u00fcresi e\u015fyan\u0131n tesliminden itibaren yedi g\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Yedi g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u00fcreye uyulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde, yine e\u015fyan\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine uygun olarak teslim edildi\u011fi kabul edilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00f6nderilen, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131ya, teslim s\u00fcresinin a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, teslimden itibaren yirmi bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde bildirmezse, gecikmeden kaynaklanan haklar\u0131 sona erer.Teslimden sonra yap\u0131lan bildirimin yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Bildirim, telekom\u00fcnikasyon ara\u00e7lar\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla da yap\u0131labilir. Bildirimde bulunan\u0131n kim oldu\u011fu herhangi bir \u015fekilde anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yorsa, imzaya gerek yoktur. S\u00fcrenin korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bildirimin zaman\u0131nda g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 yeterlidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131<\/span><\/h2>\n

E\u015fya ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131ndaki zararlar, ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi tarihten itibaren bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011frar. Bu s\u00fcre, e\u015fyan\u0131n g\u00f6nderilene teslim edilmesiyle ba\u015flar. E\u011fer e\u015fya tamamen zayi olmu\u015fsa, zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresi, teslim edilmesi gereken tarihten itibaren i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bununla birlikte, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kas\u0131tl\u0131 veya pervas\u0131zca bir davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 sonucu e\u015fya zayi olmu\u015f, hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f veya ge\u00e7 teslim edilmi\u015fse, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011frar. Bu t\u00fcr durumlar, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n zarar\u0131n meydana gelme ihtimalini bilerek veya bu riski g\u00f6z ard\u0131 ederek hareket etmesiyle ilgilidir.<\/span><\/p>\n

CMR Konvansiyonuna G\u00f6re Sorumluluk ve Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler<\/span><\/h2>\n

CMR (Convention Marchandise Routier), uluslararas\u0131 karayolu ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin olarak d\u00fczenlenen bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir. 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzaya a\u00e7\u0131lan bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme, T\u00fcrkiye taraf\u0131ndan 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanarak y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin uygulama alan\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen 1. maddesi uyar\u0131nca, ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 ile var\u0131\u015f yerinin en az biri s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye taraf olan iki farkl\u0131 \u00fclkede bulunmas\u0131 durumunda, taraflar\u0131n ikametg\u00e2h\u0131 veya uyruklar\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n, \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yap\u0131lan karayolu ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131na CMR h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulanacakt\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00f6zle\u015fmede ge\u00e7en “ta\u015f\u0131t” kavram\u0131; motorlu ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131, dizi h\u00e2linde ta\u015f\u0131tlar\u0131, r\u00f6morklar\u0131 ve yar\u0131 r\u00f6morklar\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. Ancak uluslararas\u0131 posta anla\u015fmalar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yap\u0131lan ta\u015f\u0131malar, cenaze ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 ve ev e\u015fyas\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutulmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>\n

1<\/span>. CMR Kapsam\u0131nda Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n Sorumlulu\u011funun Hukuki Niteli\u011fi<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

CMR kapsam\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin 17. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, y\u00fck\u00fc teslim ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 andan itibaren, teslim edene kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede y\u00fck\u00fcn k\u0131smen veya tamamen kayb\u0131ndan ya da u\u011frayabilece\u011fi hasardan sorumludur. Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bu sorumluluktan kurtulabilmesi yaln\u0131zca CMR’\u0131n 17(2) ve 17(4) maddelerinde belirtilen istisnai durumlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131, zarar\u0131n meydana gelmesinde kusuru bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat etse dahi, yaln\u0131zca bu belirli durumlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlayarak sorumluluktan kurtulabilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu d\u00fczenlemeler, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funun hukuki niteli\u011fi konusunda hem ulusal hem de uluslararas\u0131 alanda \u00e7e\u015fitli tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/span>\u00d6ne \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130spat y\u00fck\u00fc ters \u00e7evrilmi\u015f kusur sorumlulu\u011fu:<\/strong><\/span>
Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, CMR\u2019\u0131n 17. maddesi do\u011frultusunda ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu, y\u00fck\u00fc teslim ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 andan teslim edene kadar devam eder. Ancak, y\u00fckte meydana gelen bir hasar\u0131n bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te olu\u015ftu\u011funu ispat etmek g\u00f6ndericinin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde de\u011fildir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fcle g\u00f6re ispat y\u00fck\u00fc yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir ve ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumluluktan kurtulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in madde 17(2) ve 17(4)\u2019te belirtilen ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat etmesi gerekir. Bir di\u011fer ifadeyle, genel ispata kurallar\u0131na bir istisna getirilmi\u015f olup, ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kusur sorumlulu\u011fu devam etmekte, ancak ispat y\u00fck\u00fc ters \u00e7evrilerek ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n kusursuzlu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamas\u0131 gerekmektedir [2].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zen borcu a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kusur sorumlulu\u011fu:<\/strong><\/span>
Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n sorumluluktan kurtulabilmesi i\u00e7in en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermesi gerekti\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re bir kusursuz sorumluluk hali de\u011fil \u00f6zen borcu a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir kusur sorumlulu\u011fu mevcuttur [3].<\/span><\/p>\n

Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n, sorumluluktan kurtulma sebepleri olarak CMR madde 17(2) ve 17(4)\u2019te say\u0131lan \u015fartlardan birinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat etmesi halinde sorumluluktan kurtulabilecektir. <\/span>\u0130lgili h\u00fck\u00fcmler \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/span><\/p>\n